1951
"What the word for space, Raum, Rum, designates is said by its ancient meaning. Raum means a place cleared or freed for settlement and lodging. A space is something that has been made room for, something that- namely within a boundary, Greek peras. A boundary is not that at which something stops but, as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is that from which something begins its presencing." - Heidegger 2001 [1951]: 152
1968
"Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit — in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. ...
"The National Parks present another instance of the working out of the tragedy of the commons. At present, they are open to all, without limit. The parks themselves are limited in extent ... whereas population seems to grow without limit. The values that visitors seek in the parks are steadily eroded. Plainly, we must soon cease to treat the parks as commons or they will be of no value to anyone.
"What shall we do? We have several options. We might sell them off as private property. We might keep them as public property, but allocate the right enter them. The allocation might be on the basis of wealth, by the use of an auction system. It might be on the basis of merit, as defined by some agreed-upon standards. It might be by lottery. Or it might be on a first-come, first-served basis, administered to long queues. These, I think, are all the reasonable possibilities. They are all objectionable. But we must choose — or acquiesce in the destruction of the commons ..." - Hardin 1968: 1244-5
"The National Parks present another instance of the working out of the tragedy of the commons. At present, they are open to all, without limit. The parks themselves are limited in extent ... whereas population seems to grow without limit. The values that visitors seek in the parks are steadily eroded. Plainly, we must soon cease to treat the parks as commons or they will be of no value to anyone.
"What shall we do? We have several options. We might sell them off as private property. We might keep them as public property, but allocate the right enter them. The allocation might be on the basis of wealth, by the use of an auction system. It might be on the basis of merit, as defined by some agreed-upon standards. It might be by lottery. Or it might be on a first-come, first-served basis, administered to long queues. These, I think, are all the reasonable possibilities. They are all objectionable. But we must choose — or acquiesce in the destruction of the commons ..." - Hardin 1968: 1244-5
1977
"Place is a pause in movement." - Tuan 2001 [1977]: 138
1986
"[Territory is] a human strategy to affect, influence, and control.
"Territoriality in humans is best thought of not as biologically motivated, but rather as socially and geographically rooted. Its use depends on who is influencing and controlling whom and on the geographical contexts of place, space, and time. Territoriality is intimately related to how people use the land, how they organize themselves in space, and how they give meaning to place. Clearly these relationships change, and the best means of studying them is to reveal their changing character over time." - Sack 1986: 2
"Territoriality in humans is best thought of not as biologically motivated, but rather as socially and geographically rooted. Its use depends on who is influencing and controlling whom and on the geographical contexts of place, space, and time. Territoriality is intimately related to how people use the land, how they organize themselves in space, and how they give meaning to place. Clearly these relationships change, and the best means of studying them is to reveal their changing character over time." - Sack 1986: 2
1996
"[P]rivatization is not the same thing as destatification. Ownership, to begin with, is a bundle of rights ... divided between government and individuals under state socialism, and ... divided between government and individuals in Western capitalist countries. Rights to use and to limit use, rights to build and to limit building, rights to sell and to tax the proceeds of sale, rights to transfer on death and to determine survivors’ claims, all are divided in varying ways in varying countries; nowhere are they absolute on either the private or the governmental side." - Marcuse 1996: 119
1997
"At the level of locality — that is, thе regions, settlements and neighbourhoods where we live and work and where we co-exist with each other and other species — multiple conflicts over changes to local environments are critical preoccupations of local social and political life. They form a substantial part of the agendas of local newspapers, radio and television programmes, and of daily conversation. We puzzle over how to manage our co-existence in shared spaces. ...
"Planning systems and practices, however much they may become routinised into unquestioned procedures, have their power and justification in the role they play in helping the political communities of places work out how to manage their collective concerns about the qualities of shared spaces and local environments." - Healey 1997: 3-4
"Planning systems and practices, however much they may become routinised into unquestioned procedures, have their power and justification in the role they play in helping the political communities of places work out how to manage their collective concerns about the qualities of shared spaces and local environments." - Healey 1997: 3-4
1999
"We are all familiar with the effect of human thought and activity on the landscapes in which human beings dwell. Human beings change the land around them in a way and on a scale matched, for the most part, by no other animal. The land around us is a reflection, not only of our practical and technological capacities, but also of our culture and society — of our very needs, our hopes, our preoccupations and dreams. ... [Y]et the human relation to the land, and to the environing world in general, is clearly not a relation characterised by an influence running in just one direction. ... [O]ur relation to landscape and environment is indeed one of our own affectivity as much as of our ability to effect." - Malpas 2004 [1999]: 1
1999
"The theoretical and empirical support for the notion that sense of community (particularly its affective dimensions) can be created via physical design factors is ambiguous at best. New urbanism is supported by the fact that research demonstrates a link between resident interaction and environment, and therefore the correlation between public/private space integration and resident interaction is sustained. But to move beyond interaction towards the affective dimensions of sense of community is problematic since the effectuation of a sense of community in these terms is usually only achieved via some intermediate variable (for example, resident homogeneity, affluence). This leaves open the question of whether or not any number of other design creeds could produce the same result via a different design philosophy." - Talen 1999: 1374
2003
"Lefebvre [1991] is interested in moving our curiosity from primarily considering notions of 'things in space' to also encompassing the process of 'producing space'. As a mechanism for achieving that shift, he identifies three linked moments of social space ['a triplicate epistemology of space' (70)]: spatial practice (perceived space), representations of space (conceived space), and representational space (lived space). ... Each space assumes meaning through the others, each space contains the other two, and so hard lines should not be drawn between them." - Thompson-Fawcett 2003: 69
2006
"[T]he topology that comes to appearance in Being and Time is a fundamentally temporal one—which does not mean that place is not at issue, but rather that place is itself understood as fundamentally temporal. In itself, this need not be a problem—place is indeed temporal—but it becomes problematic when the attempt is made to establish temporality alone as the ground for place. Place is temporal, but it is also spatial (and so also stands in an essential relation to body). Moreover, it is not that place is to be derived from temporality, instead temporality has to be itself understood in relation to the temporalizing/spatializing of the happening/gathering that is place." - Malpas 2006: 63
2006
"In the first edition of Managing the Commons [Hardin and Baden 1977], Elinor Ostrom initiated the search for examples of non-state means of 'governing the commons,' as she later titled her book, and suggested that Hardin may have been too 'pessimistic.' ... Marshaling empirical evidence of practices that did not conform to dominant models of property relations, Ostrom also brought public choice into closer dialogue with the neoliberal Law and Economics school of jurisprudence. Given the nature of many resources, scholars in both fields found they could not afford a strict private-public binary when developing their paradigms for property rights. The examples of successfully administered common property regimes uncovered by Ostrom, her followers, and dozens of anthropologists investigating societies around the world demonstrated that 'market failure' — that is, problems governing or allocating many resources that the market could not efficiently organize — could be solved through nonmarket mechanisms other than a central state. [68] ... Whether commons represents an alternative to market failure or commons prescribes market salvation, what it does not represent in the discourse of contemporary social science or law or even popular common sense is a property regime that can evolve into public property and hence public space. [75]" - Blackmar 2006
2007
"[D]esign features [associated] with crime and social isolation in modernist housing estates ... include confusions between public and semi-public space, networks of paths and walkways where residents are unlikely to encounter each other, confusions between the fronts and backs of buildings, communal entrances that are unsupervised, used by too many people and are of poor quality and isolated and public areas that lack 'natural surveillance'. Such observations have been tempered by holistic studies of design and management that have found that whilst design is a significant factor in the production of hostile residential environments, it is not in itself a determinant and management practices play a strong part." - Roberts 2007: 184
2008
"Some have argued that what is required is a design-led approach to public space management in order that the complexities are fully understood. In England, the government-convened Urban Task Force (1999) [2005] contended that 'More than 90 per cent of our urban fabric will be with us in 30 years time' and that as a consequence this is where the real 'urban quality' challenge lies, rather than with the much smaller proportion of newly designed spaces created each year. They argued, however, that the way spaces look and feel today and the ease with which they can be managed relates fundamentally to how they were designed in the first place. Moreover, because every subsequent intervention in space (following its initial development) has an impact upon its overall quality, the importance of design skills remains fundamental.
"This does not imply that all those involved in the management of public space need to be designers in an artistic sense, and some have argued that the over-design of spaces to the detriment of other factors can be problematic when much everyday space is often (and quite appropriately) banal or untidy in order to be functional and versatile ... . It does imply, however, that interventions (no matter how small) should be considered creatively and sensitively, involving weighing-up and balancing options and impacts in order to find the 'optimum' given solution within the constraints set by context and resources." - Carmona et al. 2008: 8
"This does not imply that all those involved in the management of public space need to be designers in an artistic sense, and some have argued that the over-design of spaces to the detriment of other factors can be problematic when much everyday space is often (and quite appropriately) banal or untidy in order to be functional and versatile ... . It does imply, however, that interventions (no matter how small) should be considered creatively and sensitively, involving weighing-up and balancing options and impacts in order to find the 'optimum' given solution within the constraints set by context and resources." - Carmona et al. 2008: 8
